In-Text Citation

In APA style, in-text citations are used to credit the original authors of the information or ideas you are presenting in your work. The in-text citation typically includes the author’s last name, publication year, and page number(s) if applicable.

Single Author

• Example: (Smith, 2020, p. 12)
• Format: (Author’s Last Name, Year of Publication, Page Number(s))

Multiple Authors

• 2 authors: (Smith & Johnson, 2020, p. 12)
• 3-5 authors: (Smith, Johnson, & Thompson, 2020, p. 12) (first citation), (Smith et al., 2020, p. 12) (subsequent citations)
• 6 or more authors: (Smith et al., 2020, p. 12)

No Author

• Example: (“Title of the Article,” 2020, p. 12)
• Format: (“Title of the Article,” Year of Publication, Page Number(s))

Reference List

The reference list provides full bibliographic information for each source cited in the text. Here are some examples of different types of sources:

Manual

• American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

Book

• Smith, J. (2020). The art of writing. New York, NY: Random House.

Website

• World Health Organization. (2020). Mental health. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/mental-health

Personal Vocal Testimony

• Johnson, K. (2020, October 12). Personal communication.

Note: Since personal vocal testimonies are not retrievable, they are not included in the reference list. Instead, they are cited in the text as a personal communication, with the date of the communication included.

Here’s an example of a reference list with the above sources:

Reference List:

American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

Johnson, K. (2020, October 12). Personal communication.

Smith, J. (2020). The art of writing. New York, NY: Random House.

World Health Organization. (2020). Mental health. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/mental-health

Remember to always check the APA Publication Manual or the APA website for the most up-to-date guidelines and examples.